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backend/src/utils/database.js

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+const mongoose = require('mongoose')
+
+class Database {
+  constructor() {
+    this.mongoose = mongoose
+    this.isConnected = false
+  }
+
+  async connect() {
+    if (this.isConnected) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      // 连接数据库
+      const mongodbUri = process.env.MONGODB_URI || 'mongodb://localhost:27017/jiebanke'
+      await this.mongoose.connect(mongodbUri, {
+        useNewUrlParser: true,
+        useUnifiedTopology: true
+      })
+      
+      this.isConnected = true
+      console.log('✅ MongoDB连接成功')
+      
+      // 监听连接事件
+      this.mongoose.connection.on('error', (error) => {
+        console.error('❌ MongoDB连接错误:', error)
+        this.isConnected = false
+      })
+
+      this.mongoose.connection.on('disconnected', () => {
+        console.warn('⚠️ MongoDB连接断开')
+        this.isConnected = false
+      })
+
+      this.mongoose.connection.on('reconnected', () => {
+        console.log('🔁 MongoDB重新连接成功')
+        this.isConnected = true
+      })
+
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('❌ MongoDB连接失败:', error)
+      process.exit(1)
+    }
+  }
+
+  async disconnect() {
+    if (!this.isConnected) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await this.mongoose.disconnect()
+      this.isConnected = false
+      console.log('✅ MongoDB连接已关闭')
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('❌ MongoDB断开连接失败:', error)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 健康检查
+  async healthCheck() {
+    try {
+      await this.mongoose.connection.db.admin().ping()
+      return { status: 'healthy', connected: this.isConnected }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return { status: 'unhealthy', connected: this.isConnected, error: error.message }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 获取连接状态
+  getStatus() {
+    return {
+      connected: this.isConnected,
+      readyState: this.mongoose.connection.readyState,
+      host: this.mongoose.connection.host,
+      name: this.mongoose.connection.name
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// 创建单例实例
+const database = new Database()
+
+// 进程退出时关闭数据库连接
+process.on('SIGINT', async () => {
+  await database.disconnect()
+  process.exit(0)
+})
+
+process.on('SIGTERM', async () => {
+  await database.disconnect()
+  process.exit(0)
+})
+
+module.exports = database

backend/src/utils/errors.js

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+// 自定义应用错误类
+class AppError extends Error {
+  constructor(message, statusCode) {
+    super(message)
+    this.statusCode = statusCode
+    this.status = `${statusCode}`.startsWith('4') ? 'fail' : 'error'
+    this.isOperational = true
+
+    Error.captureStackTrace(this, this.constructor)
+  }
+}
+
+// 异步错误处理包装器
+const catchAsync = (fn) => {
+  return (req, res, next) => {
+    fn(req, res, next).catch(next)
+  }
+}
+
+// 404错误处理
+const notFound = (req, res, next) => {
+  const error = new AppError(`无法找到 ${req.originalUrl}`, 404)
+  next(error)
+}
+
+// 全局错误处理中间件
+const globalErrorHandler = (err, req, res, next) => {
+  err.statusCode = err.statusCode || 500
+  err.status = err.status || 'error'
+  err.message = err.message || '服务器内部错误'
+
+  // 开发环境详细错误信息
+  if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development') {
+    res.status(err.statusCode).json({
+      status: err.status,
+      error: err,
+      message: err.message,
+      stack: err.stack
+    })
+  } else {
+    // 生产环境简化错误信息
+    res.status(err.statusCode).json({
+      status: err.status,
+      message: err.message
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+// MongoDB重复键错误处理
+const handleDuplicateFieldsDB = (err) => {
+  const value = err.errmsg.match(/(["'])(\\?.)*?\1/)[0]
+  const message = `字段值 ${value} 已存在，请使用其他值`
+  return new AppError(message, 400)
+}
+
+// MongoDB验证错误处理
+const handleValidationErrorDB = (err) => {
+  const errors = Object.values(err.errors).map(el => el.message)
+  const message = `输入数据无效: ${errors.join('. ')}`
+  return new AppError(message, 400)
+}
+
+// JWT错误处理
+const handleJWTError = () =>
+  new AppError('无效的token，请重新登录', 401)
+
+const handleJWTExpiredError = () =>
+  new AppError('token已过期，请重新登录', 401)
+
+module.exports = {
+  AppError,
+  catchAsync,
+  notFound,
+  globalErrorHandler,
+  handleDuplicateFieldsDB,
+  handleValidationErrorDB,
+  handleJWTError,
+  handleJWTExpiredError
+}

backend/src/utils/response.js

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+// 成功响应格式
+const success = (data = null, message = '操作成功') => {
+  return {
+    success: true,
+    code: 200,
+    message,
+    data,
+    timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
+  }
+}
+
+// 分页响应格式
+const paginate = (data, pagination, message = '获取成功') => {
+  return {
+    success: true,
+    code: 200,
+    message,
+    data: {
+      list: data,
+      pagination: {
+        page: pagination.page,
+        pageSize: pagination.pageSize,
+        total: pagination.total,
+        totalPages: Math.ceil(pagination.total / pagination.pageSize)
+      }
+    },
+    timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
+  }
+}
+
+// 错误响应格式
+const error = (message = '操作失败', code = 400, errors = null) => {
+  return {
+    success: false,
+    code,
+    message,
+    errors,
+    timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
+  }
+}
+
+// 创建成功响应
+const created = (data = null, message = '创建成功') => {
+  return {
+    success: true,
+    code: 201,
+    message,
+    data,
+    timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
+  }
+}
+
+// 无内容响应
+const noContent = (message = '无内容') => {
+  return {
+    success: true,
+    code: 204,
+    message,
+    data: null,
+    timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  success,
+  paginate,
+  error,
+  created,
+  noContent
+}